Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

3.9K
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
3.9K
Acute Inflammation I: Cellular Phase01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Cellular Phase

65
The cellular phase of acute inflammation is a tightly orchestrated sequence of events that recruits leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, to sites of tissue injury or infection. Following the initial vascular changes, this phase ensures effective immune cell migration, activation, and function at the affected site to eliminate pathogens and initiate tissue repair.Leukocyte Recruitment CascadeLeukocyte recruitment happens in four steps: margination, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis. Reduced...
65
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

6.1K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
6.1K
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

80
Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
80
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

66
Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
66
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

2.3K
Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Signatures in the gut microbiome of German elite athletes: insights from a matched-subgroup analysis.

mSystems·2026
Same author

Does Hypoxic Training Improve Running Economy and Performance of Elite and Competitive Middle- and Long-Distance Runners? A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Journal of strength and conditioning research·2026
Same author

Genetic and non-genetic determinants of vitamin D status: a polygenic score analysis in elite athletes.

Frontiers in genetics·2026
Same author

Does fatigue in patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome improve with rehabilitation?

Psychotherapy and psychosomatics·2026
Same author

A machine learning approach predicts improvement of physical exercise capacity based on pulse wave analysis in coronary artery disease patients.

Journal of sport and health science·2026
Same author

Decline in cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with vascular aging and subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy older adults: a 3-year longitudinal study.

GeroScience·2026
Same journal

Immunometabolic profiling of T cells in response to prolonged moderate intensity cycling in humans.

Exercise immunology review·2025
Same journal

Exercise-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming and Immune Modulation: A Novel Strategy for Cancer Therapy.

Exercise immunology review·2025
Same journal

Less Inflammatory Debris, Improved Immunity from Immune Detox: A New Perspective on the Benefits of Exercise in Chronic Disease.

Exercise immunology review·2025
Same journal

Is stretching an appropriate control for studies on exercise immunology in older adults? A systematic review.

Exercise immunology review·2025
Same journal

Occurrence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Exercise immunology review·2025
Same journal

Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Elite Athletes.

Exercise immunology review·2024
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis
04:37

Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis

Published on: February 24, 2011

11.3K

Exercise-induced leukocyte apoptosis.

Karsten Krüger, Frank C Mooren

    Exercise Immunology Review
    |July 1, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Intensive exercise can increase programmed cell death (apoptosis) in leukocytes, impacting immune cell regulation. This process may help remove harmful immune cells and aid tissue adaptation after strenuous physical activity.

    More Related Videos

    Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury
    14:48

    Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

    Published on: March 21, 2021

    4.7K
    Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
    09:18

    Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

    Published on: December 27, 2016

    7.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

    Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis
    04:37

    Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis

    Published on: February 24, 2011

    11.3K
    Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury
    14:48

    Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

    Published on: March 21, 2021

    4.7K
    Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
    09:18

    Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

    Published on: December 27, 2016

    7.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Exercise immunology
    • Cellular biology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Physical exercise significantly influences leukocyte behavior and immune function.
    • Acute intensive exercise often triggers inflammation, leading to decreased lymphocytes and increased neutrophils.
    • The precise regulation of neutrophil apoptosis post-exercise is debated, with conflicting study findings.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the impact of acute intensive exercise on leukocyte apoptosis.
    • To identify the signaling pathways involved in exercise-induced apoptosis.
    • To discuss the physiological and clinical relevance of leukocyte apoptosis following exercise.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on exercise, leukocyte apoptosis, and related signaling pathways.
    • Analysis of factors contributing to discrepancies in previous research findings.
    • Discussion of apoptosis-modulating mediators such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), glucocorticoids, and cytokines.

    Main Results:

    • Acute exercise can induce lymphocyte apoptosis, potentially contributing to lymphocytopenia.
    • Neutrophil apoptosis regulation post-exercise remains controversial, with studies showing both increases and decreases.
    • Two primary pathways for exercise-induced apoptosis identified: external death receptor pathway and internal mitochondrial pathway.

    Conclusions:

    • Exercise-induced apoptosis may serve to eliminate activated or autoreactive immune cells.
    • Leukocyte apoptosis following exercise could be a crucial mechanism for tissue remodeling and training adaptation.
    • Understanding these processes is vital for comprehending the immune system's response to physical stress.