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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Determination of Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Murine Thymus, Pancreatic Draining Lymph Node and Spleen Using Flow Cytometry
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PD-1 regulates extrathymic regulatory T-cell differentiation.

Xiufen Chen1, Dominick Fosco, Douglas E Kline

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.

European Journal of Immunology
|July 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Programed death-1 (PD-1) is not essential for regulatory T (Treg) cell development or function. However, PD-1 is crucial for the in vivo differentiation of peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells.

Keywords:
PD-1Treg cellTreg-cell developmentTreg-cell differentiationTreg-cell function

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells and the programed death-1/programed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway are vital for peripheral self-tolerance.
  • A notable proportion of Treg cells inherently express PD-1, necessitating an examination of PD-1/PD-L1's role in Treg cell biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in Treg cell development, function, and induction in vivo.
  • To determine if PD-1 deficiency impacts Treg cell phenotype, abundance, thymic development, or suppressive capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Treg cell phenotype and abundance in PD-1-deficient mice.
  • Assessment of thymic Treg cell development in PD-1-deficient models.
  • Evaluation of Treg cell suppressive function in vitro and in vivo.
  • Examination of conventional CD4(+) T cell differentiation into peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells in PD-1-deficient settings.

Main Results:

  • PD-1 deficiency did not significantly alter Treg cell phenotype or abundance.
  • Thymic development of Treg cells was unaffected by PD-1 deficiency.
  • The suppressive function of Treg cells remained similar in both PD-1 deficient and sufficient mice.
  • Conventional CD4(+) T cells from PD-1-deficient mice showed a markedly reduced capacity for differentiation into pTreg cells in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • PD-1 is dispensable for the development and function of thymic-derived Treg cells.
  • PD-1 plays a critical role in the extrathymic differentiation of peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells.
  • Antibody blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway might enhance T cell responses by impacting conventional T cells and inhibiting pTreg cell differentiation.