Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

145
The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
145
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

94
The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
94
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

162
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
162
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

60
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
60
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

74
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
74
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

157
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
157

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exploring life's hidden majority: microbial dark matter symposium highlights.

mSphere·2026
Same author

Testing vivo-morpholino mediated gene knockdown in threespine stickleback.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Constitutive and inducible fibrosis explain immune variation among threespine stickleback populations.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Sparse regression, classification, and microbial network estimation in QIIME 2 with q2-classo and q2-gglasso.

ArXiv·2026
Same author

Identify contaminants with decontam on the QIIME 2 Framework.

Microbiology resource announcements·2026
Same author

Hypergraph representations of single-cell RNA sequencing data for improved cell clustering.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

29.3K

Major Histocompatibility Complex class IIb polymorphism influences gut microbiota composition and diversity.

Daniel I Bolnick1, Lisa K Snowberg, J Gregory Caporaso

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.

Molecular Ecology
|July 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype influences gut microbe composition in wild stickleback fish. MHC diversity in hosts correlated with reduced gut microbial diversity, suggesting a role in host-microbe interactions.

Keywords:
Gasterosteus aculeatusMajor Histocompatibility Complexgenetic diversitymicrobiotamucosal immunitythreespine stickleback

More Related Videos

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

4.8K
An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
05:27

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

3.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

29.3K
Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

4.8K
An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
05:27

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

3.9K

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Animals host diverse symbiotic bacteria, presenting an immunological challenge to differentiate mutualistic from pathogenic microbes.
  • Host-specific microbial communities vary significantly among individuals.
  • Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes are hypothesized to play a role in recognizing and regulating gut microbes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between MHC class IIb polymorphism and gut microbiota variation in a wild vertebrate population.
  • To determine if MHC genotype influences the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome in threespine stickleback.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling of threespine stickleback from Cedar Lake, Vancouver Island.
  • Next-generation sequencing for 16S rRNA gene sequencing of gut microbiota.
  • Genotyping of MHC class IIb exon 2 sequences.

Main Results:

  • MHC IIb polymorphism was associated with among-individual variation in gut microbiota.
  • Specific MHC motifs altered the relative abundance of certain microbial families.
  • MHC effects on microbiota were often sex-dependent.
  • Increased MHC motif diversity in hosts was linked to decreased gut microbial diversity.

Conclusions:

  • MHC genotype is a factor influencing gut microbiota composition in natural populations.
  • MHC-microbe associations may have implications for therapeutic strategies targeting dysbiosis and microbial transplants.
  • MHC-driven selection by macroparasites could indirectly impact gut microbiota, and vice versa.