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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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Diabetes in South Asians.

A Misra¹, A Ramchandran, R Jayawardena

¹Fortis C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, India; National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India.

Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association

|July 1, 2014

Summary

South Asians face a growing Type 2 diabetes epidemic due to lifestyle changes, with earlier onset and higher complication rates. Developing cost-effective, scalable strategies is crucial for prevention and management in resource-limited settings.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Endocrinology
Epidemiology

Background:

Rapid economic, dietary, and lifestyle transitions in South Asia increase vulnerability to Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Type 2 diabetes prevalence is rising across urban, semi-urban, and rural areas, affecting all socio-economic strata.
South Asians experience earlier onset of Type 2 diabetes and more progressive complications like nephropathy compared to other populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify key determinants and challenges in Type 2 diabetes prevention and management among South Asians.
To propose pragmatic, cost-effective, and scalable translational strategies for national diabetes control programs in South Asia.

Main Methods:

Review of recent epidemiological data on Type 2 diabetes prevalence and risk factors in South Asian populations.
Analysis of socio-cultural, economic, and healthcare system barriers impacting diabetes care.
Identification of priority areas for intervention, including awareness, screening, and primary care strengthening.

Main Results:

Prime determinants include physical inactivity, imbalanced diets, abdominal obesity, and adverse early-life nutrition.
High prevalence of pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes, coupled with cultural and resource barriers, complicates management.
Significant disparities exist in healthcare access and resource allocation for diabetes control.

Conclusions:

Effective national diabetes control programs require tailored strategies addressing South Asian specificities.
Focusing on awareness, vulnerable subgroups, high-risk screening, essential medicines, and primary care is vital.
Urgent development and implementation of scalable, cost-effective interventions are needed to combat the rising diabetes burden.