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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

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Low-dose transdermal estradiol for vasomotor symptoms: a systematic review.

Jennifer Corbelli¹, Nader Shaikh, Charles Wessel

¹From the Divisions of 1General Internal Medicine and 2General Academic Pediatrics, 3Health Sciences Library System, and 4Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.

Menopause (New York, N.Y.)

|July 1, 2014

Summary

Low-dose transdermal estrogen effectively reduces moderate to severe hot flashes in postmenopausal women. This systematic review found consistent benefits across all tested doses compared to placebo.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Menopause is associated with vasomotor symptoms like hot flashes.
Hormone therapy is a common treatment, but concerns exist regarding risks and optimal dosing.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose transdermal estrogen compared to placebo for treating moderate to severe hot flashes in postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Inclusion criteria: double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTs in postmenopausal women with frequent hot flashes, using estrogen doses <0.05 mg 17β-estradiol.
Searches of Medline and EMBASE databases.

Main Results:

Nine studies met inclusion criteria; seven had low risk of bias.
Low-dose transdermal estrogen significantly decreased daily hot flashes compared to placebo across all dose ranges.
Mean daily reduction in hot flashes: 7.07-9.36 for estrogen groups vs. 5.07 for placebo.

Conclusions:

Low-dose transdermal estrogen demonstrates strong evidence of effectiveness in reducing moderate to severe hot flashes.
The benefits were observed at all tested low doses, suggesting a favorable risk-benefit profile.