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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Births: preliminary data for 2011.

Brady E Hamilton, Joyce A Martin, Stephanie J Ventura

    National Vital Statistics Reports : From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    U.S. births declined in 2011 to a record low fertility rate, with significant drops in teenage birth rates and first births. Key maternal and infant health indicators like preterm birth and low birthweight also saw decreases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Demography
    • Public Health
    • Reproductive Statistics

    Background:

    • The United States experiences ongoing shifts in birth trends, necessitating regular data collection and analysis.
    • Understanding demographic patterns in births is crucial for public health planning and resource allocation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present preliminary U.S. birth data for 2011, analyzing trends by maternal age, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status.
    • To report on key birth outcomes including cesarean delivery, preterm births, and low birthweight.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized approximately 100% of 2011 birth records, with weighting for states providing incomplete data.
    • Compared 2011 preliminary data with final 2010 birth statistics.

    Main Results:

    • Total U.S. births decreased by 1% in 2011, reaching a record low general fertility rate.
    • Birth rates declined significantly for teenagers and women in their early 20s, reaching historic lows.
    • Preterm birth and low birthweight rates decreased, while the cesarean delivery rate remained stable.

    Conclusions:

    • 2011 marked a continuation of declining birth trends in the U.S., with record lows in fertility and teenage birth rates.
    • Decreases in preterm birth and low birthweight rates are positive public health developments.
    • Further monitoring of birth trends and associated health outcomes is essential.