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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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Identifying triggers of migraine in children and adolescents: Opportunities for intervention.

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Abnormal movements in children with migraine.

Paul E Youssef1, Kenneth J Mack2

  • 1Departments of Child & Adolescent Neurology and Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA youssef.paul@mayo.edu.

Journal of Child Neurology
|July 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric functional movement disorders and nonepileptic spells are linked to migraine. Effective migraine treatment can significantly reduce or resolve these symptoms in children.

Keywords:
chronic daily headachefunctional movement disordersmigrainenonepileptic spells

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Headache Medicine

Background:

  • Functional movement disorders and nonepileptic spells in children lack clear understanding.
  • An association between these conditions and migraine has not been previously documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of nonorganic movement disorders in children with chronic or episodic migraine.
  • To describe the phenomenology, triggers, and natural history of these disorders in pediatric migraine patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of pediatric patients diagnosed with chronic or episodic migraine between 2006 and 2013.
  • Identification and analysis of patients exhibiting nonorganic movement disorders.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-two pediatric patients (4.3% of chronic migraine, 0.9% of episodic migraine) were identified.
  • Nonepileptic spells, tremor, and functional gait disorders were common, often preceded by severe migraine attacks.
  • Significant reduction or resolution of movements was observed with migraine therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Nonorganic movement disorders are associated with pediatric migraine, particularly chronic migraine.
  • Improved migraine pain control is crucial for resolving these associated movement disorders.