Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Published on: June 16, 2020
Factors associated with mortality and infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with diffuse alveolar
Marco Ulises Martinez-Martinez1, Anne K Sturbaum1, Jorge Alcocer-Varela1
1From the Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosi, S.L.P.; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) México D.F.; Hospital Infantil de México, Mexico City; Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora; Hospital Universitario de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León; Hospital General de México, México D.F.; Hospital 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.M.U. Martinez-Martinez, MD; A.K. Sturbaum, MD, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto"; J. Alcocer-Varela, MD; J. Merayo-Chalico, MD; D. Gómez-Martin, MD, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; J.D.J.E. Gómez-Bañuelos, MD; M.Á. Saavedra, MD, Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS; S. Enciso-Peláez, MD; E. Faugier-Fuentes, MD; R. Maldonado-Velázquez, MD, Hospital Infantil de México; L.M. Suárez-Larios, MD, Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora; D. Vega-Morales, MD, Hospital Universitario de Nuevo León; J.C. Casasola-Vargas, MD, Hospital General de México; D.L. Carrillo Pérez, MD, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; A. Abril, MD; R. Butendieck, MD, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville; F. Irazoque-Palazuelos, MD, Hospital 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE; C. Abud-Mendoza, MD, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto".
Objective:
To evaluate factors associated with mortality and infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH).
Methods:
A retrospective chart review was carried out for medical admissions of patients with a diagnosis of SLE and DAH in 9 hospitals. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded for each patient at DAH diagnosis.
Results:
We included 57 episodes of DAH of 50 patients (7 recurrences), 49 women (86%), 14 juvenile SLE (24.6%); 24 had died (42.1%). In the chart review we detected infection in 22 episodes (38.6%): 8 invasive fungal infections, 16 bacterial infections, and 2 patients had both types. In the bivariate analysis, factors associated with mortality were high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, requirement of mechanical ventilation (OR 15.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 662.2), infections (fungal or bacterial; OR 3.2, CI 0.9 to 11.1), renal failure (OR 4.9, CI 1.4 to 18.0), and thrombocytopenia (OR 4.3, CI 1.2 to 15.6). We found similar mortality between children and adults. Infections were associated with treatment for SLE, requirement of mechanical ventilation, hypocomplementemia, and high levels of C-reactive protein.
Conclusion:
Infection is a frequent finding in patients with DAH and SLE; we found similar mortality between adult SLE and juvenile SLE. Factors that we describe associated with infections may influence the therapeutic selection for these patients.
Related Concept Videos
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects