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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...
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Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
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Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupoint Massage for Treating Constipation in a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Omental liposarcoma presenting as chronic constipation.

Jimmy L Hightower1, Daniel J Dire

  • 1From the *Department of Emergency Medicine, The San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium; and †Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.

Pediatric Emergency Care
|July 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare myxoid liposarcoma presented as chronic constipation and abdominal pain in an 11-year-old boy. This pediatric abdominal mass is an unusual cause of prolonged constipation symptoms requiring emergency department evaluation.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Constipation is a frequent reason for pediatric abdominal pain presentations in emergency departments.
  • Chronic constipation can significantly impact a child's quality of life and warrants thorough investigation.

Observation:

  • An 11-year-old boy presented with a four-month history of chronic constipation and abdominal pain.
  • Physical examination revealed a large abdominal mass.

Findings:

  • The abdominal mass was diagnosed as a myxoid liposarcoma.
  • Literature review found no prior reports of this specific tumor type presenting as chronic constipation in pediatric emergency settings.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering rare diagnoses in pediatric abdominal pain, even with seemingly common symptoms.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for underlying masses in cases of persistent pediatric constipation.
  • Further research into unusual presentations of pediatric tumors is warranted.