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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

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Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
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Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

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Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
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[Facial tics and spasms].

Adriaan R E Potgieser1, J Marc C van Dijk, Jan Willem J Elting

  • 1Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|July 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial tics and spasms cause significant social distress, but effective treatments exist. Early diagnosis and targeted therapies, like botulinum toxin or surgery, improve outcomes for conditions such as blepharospasms and hemifacial spasms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Facial tics and spasms significantly impact social functioning.
  • Clinical presentation is key for differentiating various causes.

Observation:

  • Presents three cases: tics, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm.
  • Highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Findings:

  • Botulinum toxin is a viable treatment for facial tics.
  • Neurosurgical intervention offers a curative option for hemifacial spasms.

Implications:

  • Timely diagnosis and intervention can alleviate social incapacitation.
  • Specific treatments should be considered based on the differential diagnosis.