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Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring
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Detecting enzyme activities with exogenous MRI contrast agents.

Dina V Hingorani1, Byunghee Yoo, Adam S Bernstein

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemisty, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ (USA).

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This review explores novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents designed to detect enzyme activity. These innovative agents offer creative ways to visualize and measure enzymatic processes in real-time.

Keywords:
CEST MRIMR spectroscopyenzymesimaging agentsrelaxation-based MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Contrast Agent Development

Background:

  • Enzyme activity is crucial in numerous biological processes and disease states.
  • Current diagnostic methods for enzyme activity can be limited in sensitivity or specificity.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers non-invasive visualization capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that are responsive to enzyme activity.
  • To highlight the diverse mechanisms by which these agents detect enzymatic changes.
  • To showcase the ingenuity in designing enzyme-responsive MRI contrast agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on enzyme-responsive MRI contrast agents.
  • Categorization of agents based on their responsive mechanisms.
  • Analysis of how enzymatic activity alters agent properties for MRI detection.

Main Results:

  • Enzyme activity can modulate water access, tumbling time, ligand proximity, aggregation state, and chemical exchange rates.
  • Changes in (19)F, (31)P, (13)C, or labile (1)H chemical shifts are utilized for detection.
  • A wide array of creative agent designs have been developed.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme-responsive MRI contrast agents represent a promising area for advanced diagnostics.
  • The diverse mechanisms offer flexibility in targeting specific enzymes and biological contexts.
  • Further development holds potential for improved disease detection and monitoring.