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What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

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Overview
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin
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Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

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Can't RIDD off viruses.

Sankar Bhattacharyya1

  • 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Gurgaon, India.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|July 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) exhibits antiviral activity by cleaving viral RNAs through the regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) pathway, similar to the OAS/RNaseL system. This review explores IRE1

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian genomes possess antiviral defense mechanisms against invasive viral pathogens.
  • Viruses evolve rapidly, posing a challenge to host defenses despite dependence on host machinery.
  • Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is a key component of the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the antiviral potential of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1).
  • To compare IRE1's RNase activity with the established antiviral effector RNaseL.
  • To discuss the regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) pathway and its role in antiviral defense.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IRE1, RNaseL, and viral RNA interactions.
Keywords:
IRE1OASRIDD pathwayRNaseLUPRXbp1unfolded protein response

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  • Analysis of the enzymatic mechanisms of IRE1 and RNaseL.
  • Discussion of viral evasion strategies against host antiviral responses.

    • Main Results:

    • IRE1, an ER-resident ribonuclease (RNase), cleaves host RNAs, including augmenting Xbp1 splicing and suppressing gene expression via RIDD.
    • IRE1's RNase domain is homologous to RNaseL, a component of the OAS/RNaseL antiviral system.
    • The RIDD pathway potentially targets and degrades viral RNAs, contributing to antiviral defense.

    Conclusions:

    • IRE1 possesses significant antiviral capabilities through RNA cleavage via the RIDD pathway.
    • Comparing IRE1 and RNaseL highlights conserved and distinct features in host antiviral RNA manipulation.
    • Understanding IRE1's antiviral functions offers insights into host-pathogen interactions and potential therapeutic targets.