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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

277
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Overview
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Urticaria and angioedema.

G Spickett1

  • 1G Spickett Regional Department of Immunology Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, UK tel +44 (0)191 282 5517 e-mail Gavin.Spickett@nuth.nhs.uk.

The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
|July 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Urticaria (hives) and angioedema are common, but rarely allergic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) drugs are a frequent cause of angioedema, and stress impacts both conditions.

Keywords:
C1-esterase inhibitor deficiencyUrticaria,angioedemaantihistaminesmastocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Urticaria (hives) and angioedema are common conditions often misattributed to allergies.
  • Chronic urticaria is seldom caused by allergic reactions.
  • Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is rare, and other medical causes are more probable for angioedema.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify common misconceptions regarding the etiology of urticaria and angioedema.
  • To highlight non-allergic triggers for these conditions.
  • To emphasize appropriate diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on urticaria and angioedema.
  • Analysis of the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) drugs in angioedema.
  • Discussion of stress as a contributing factor.

Main Results:

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) drugs are a significant cause of angioedema, affecting 3-5% of patients.
  • Stress is a major contributor to both chronic urticaria and recurrent angioedema.
  • Allergic reactions are an infrequent cause of chronic urticaria and angioedema.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis of urticaria and angioedema should consider non-allergic causes, particularly ACE-I use for angioedema.
  • Stress management is crucial for patients with chronic urticaria and recurrent angioedema.
  • Long-acting, non-sedating antihistamines are the primary treatment; corticosteroids are for acute use only.