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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

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Published on: September 7, 2019

Molecular mediators governing iron-copper interactions.

Sukru Gulec¹, James F Collins

¹Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;

Annual Review of Nutrition

|July 5, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Iron and copper metabolism are linked. Copper influences iron transport and release, affecting iron levels and potentially impacting diseases related to these essential metals.

Keywords:

ceruloplasmin, hephaestin copper-transporting ATPase1 divalent metal-ion transporter 1 ferroportin 1 intestine liver

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Published on: December 3, 2014

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Human Physiology
Nutritional Science

Background:

Iron and copper share similar physiochemical properties, suggesting intertwined metabolic pathways.
Despite historical recognition of iron-copper interactions, molecular mechanisms of their homeostatic interplay remain largely unelucidated.
Recent research is beginning to reveal how copper specifically influences iron metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current experimental findings on the molecular mechanisms of iron-copper interplay.
To elucidate how copper affects iron absorption, transport, and storage.
To explore the relationship between iron-copper interactions and various disease states.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental studies focusing on molecular aspects.
Analysis of data on copper's influence on iron transport proteins and ferroxidase activity.
Examination of evidence regarding copper's effect on hepcidin expression and activity.

Main Results:

Elevated copper levels are observed in the intestinal mucosa, liver, and blood during iron deficiency.
Copper accumulation in enterocytes may modulate intestinal iron transport.
High hepatic copper may stimulate the production of ferroxidase, aiding iron release from storage.

Conclusions:

Copper significantly influences iron metabolism at a molecular level, affecting transport and release.
Copper's impact on hepcidin, the key iron-regulatory hormone, is a critical aspect of this interplay.
Understanding these interactions is crucial for comprehending and potentially treating diseases associated with iron and copper dysregulation.