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Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
During periods of fasting, the ENS initiates the migrating myoelectric complex, a...
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Parasympathetic Signaling01:30

Parasympathetic Signaling

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Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
The effects of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
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Vagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication.

Paul Forsythe1, John Bienenstock, Wolfgang A Kunze

  • 1Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Gut microbes activate the vagus nerve, influencing brain function and behavior. Understanding these gut-brain signals could lead to new therapies for mood disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Animal studies show gut microorganisms activate the vagus nerve, impacting brain and behavior.
  • The vagus nerve distinguishes between bacterial types and mediates anxiety-related effects.
  • Gut signals can trigger an anti-inflammatory reflex via the vagus nerve, influencing mood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrophysiology of the gut-brain axis.
  • To understand how microbial and nutritional stimuli activate the vagus nerve.
  • To elucidate the signals transmitted to the brain affecting neurochemistry and behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological studies of the vagus nerve.
  • Analysis of microbial and nutritional stimuli.

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Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation
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Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation

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  • Investigation of vagal signal transmission to the brain.

    • Main Results:

    • Vagal pathways differentiate bacterial stimuli, influencing brain function.
    • Gut-vagus nerve signaling modulates inflammation and immune responses.
    • Specific vagal signals impact neurochemistry, leading to behavioral changes.

    Conclusions:

    • The vagus nerve plays a key role in the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
    • Understanding vagal signal processing is crucial for developing microbiome-based therapies.
    • Targeting the vagus nerve offers potential for treating mood disorders.