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Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Gene Conversion02:08

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy
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Primate evolution of the recombination regulator PRDM9.

Jerrod J Schwartz1, David J Roach1, James H Thomas2

  • 11] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA [2].

Nature Communications
|July 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The PRDM9 gene

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Primate Genomics

Background:

  • The PRDM9 gene is crucial for meiosis, influencing recombination hotspots.
  • Its zinc finger (ZF) DNA-binding domain is highly variable and key to its function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary diversity of the PRDM9 ZF domain in primates.
  • To understand the selective pressures and evolutionary history of PRDM9.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing the PRDM9 ZF domain in 64 primates across 18 species.
  • Analyzing sequence diversity, positive selection, and phylogenetic relationships.
  • Comparing primate PRDM9 alleles with archaic hominin sequences (Neandertal, Denisovan).

Main Results:

  • Discovered 68 unique PRDM9 ZF alleles across the surveyed primate species.
  • Identified widespread positive selection on DNA-contact residues and ZF expansion within clades.
  • Archaic hominin PRDM9 alleles appear closely related to rare, African-specific human alleles.

Conclusions:

  • The PRDM9 ZF domain shows rapid evolution and diversification across the primate lineage.
  • PRDM9 variation may have played a role in primate speciation events.
  • Understanding PRDM9 evolution offers insights into reproductive isolation and speciation.