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The macroevolutionary consequences of phenotypic integration: from development to deep time.

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Phenotypic integration influences evolutionary trajectories and disparity by repartitioning variance, potentially favoring convergent evolution. However, it does not strongly affect evolutionary rates in carnivorans.

Keywords:
Mammaliadisparityevolutionary ratesmodularityontogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Comparative anatomy

Background:

  • Phenotypic integration, the non-random integration of traits, is a widespread biological phenomenon.
  • Existing research shows conserved patterns of integration across taxa, alongside significant variation.
  • Examples include mammalian reproductive strategies influencing skeletal integration and bone ossification timing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how phenotypic integration and modularity shape morphological evolution.
  • To determine the influence of trait integration on the trajectory and magnitude of evolutionary response to selection.
  • To assess the relationship between phenotypic integration, evolutionary rates, and morphological disparity.

Main Methods:

  • Extended simulation models to explore the effects of trait integration on evolutionary trajectories.
  • Developed models to compare organismal disparity under integration versus random walk models.
  • Conducted empirical analyses of carnivoran cranium evolution.

Main Results:

  • Trait integration significantly influences the direction and magnitude of evolutionary response to selection.
  • Phenotypic integration can lead to greater or lesser organismal disparity than random models by repartitioning variance.
  • Carnivoran cranial evolution rates are not strongly influenced by phenotypic integration, nor do they correlate with morphological disparity.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic integration shapes the direction of evolutionary change but not necessarily its speed.
  • Integration can promote homoplasy and convergent evolution.
  • Phenotypic integration poses challenges for morphological clock accuracy and requires wider incorporation into evolutionary models.