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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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What is the Immune System?01:38

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Autoimmunity versus autoinflammation--friend or foe?

Nobuo Kanazawa1, Georgi Tchernev, Uwe Wollina

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Summary

The lines between autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases are blurring. Genetic factors and altered innate immunity contribute to diverse inflammatory conditions, challenging traditional classifications.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Autoimmunity traditionally focuses on self/non-self discrimination, with ongoing research into autoantigens in diseases like bullous and connective tissue diseases.
  • The concept of immunity has shifted towards danger sensing, leading to the definition of autoinflammatory diseases characterized by genetic mutations causing dysregulated innate immunity.
  • The scope of autoinflammatory diseases has broadened to encompass non-hereditary collagen-like disorders, chronic idiopathic inflammatory diseases, and metabolic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolving understanding of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
  • To discuss the blurring boundaries between these two disease categories.
  • To highlight the role of genetic factors and innate immunity in inflammatory phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of immunological concepts and disease classifications.
  • Analysis of genetic underpinnings of inflammatory diseases.
  • Comparison of etiological and clinical features of autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions.

Main Results:

  • Novel autoantigens are crucial in classical autoimmune diseases.
  • Genetic mutations in innate immunity define autoinflammatory diseases.
  • The distinction between autoimmunity and autoinflammation is becoming less clear due to overlapping genetic and etiological factors.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammatory phenotypes can arise from a combination of autoimmune and autoinflammatory processes.
  • Variable antigen specificity characterizes mixed autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions.
  • The classification of inflammatory diseases requires a more integrated approach considering both autoimmunity and autoinflammation.