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Observed shift towards earlier spring discharge in the main Alpine rivers.

Matteo Zampieri1, Enrico Scoccimarro2, Silvio Gualdi2

  • 1Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), V.le A. Moro 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.

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Summary

Major Alpine rivers show earlier spring discharge peaks, advancing over two weeks per century. Changes in precipitation seasonality are a key driver of this trend in river flow.

Keywords:
Mountain hydrologyPrecipitation seasonalityRiver dischargeSnowmeltSpringWater management

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology and Climate Science
  • Environmental Change Research

Background:

  • Alpine river systems (Rhine, Danube, Rhone, Po) exhibit diverse seasonal discharge patterns due to varied climates and basin morphologies.
  • Intensive water management practices are common across these major European rivers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze long-term discharge time-series for key Alpine rivers.
  • To identify common trends and variability in spring discharge timing across these rivers.
  • To investigate the drivers influencing shifts in spring runoff seasonality.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of observed long-term discharge time-series data for the Rhine, Danube, Rhone, and Po rivers.
  • Statistical examination of trends and low-frequency variability in spring discharge peaks.
  • Correlation analysis with climatic factors including snowmelt, total precipitation, and rainfall variability.

Main Results:

  • A consistent trend of earlier spring discharge peaks observed across all studied rivers, advancing by over two weeks per century.
  • Snowmelt, total precipitation, and rainfall variability are identified as explanatory factors for the earlier spring runoff.
  • The seasonality of total precipitation emerges as a significant driver for earlier spring runoff across most of the Alps.

Conclusions:

  • Alpine river discharge timing is exhibiting a significant and common trend towards earlier spring peaks.
  • Changes in precipitation patterns, particularly seasonality, play a crucial role in altering Alpine river hydrology.
  • These findings highlight the impact of climate variability on major European river systems and water resource management.