Swine and influenza: a challenge to one health research

The challenge of increasing swine production and a rising number of novel and known swine influenza viruses has prompted a considerable boost in research into how and why pigs have become such significant hosts for influenza viruses. The ecology of influenza A viruses is rather complicated, involving multiple host species and a segmented genome. Wild aquatic birds are the reservoir for the majority of influenza A viruses, but novel influenza viruses were recently identified in bats. Occasionally, influenza A viruses can be transmitted to mammals from avian species and this event could lead to the generation of human pandemic strains. Swine are thought to be "mixing vessels" because they are susceptible to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses; and novel influenza viruses can be generated in pigs by reassortment. At present, it is difficult to predict which viruses might cause a human pandemic. Therefore, both human and veterinary research needs to give more attention to the potential cross-species transmission capacity of influenza A viruses.