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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Abnormalities in human pluripotent cells due to reprogramming mechanisms.

Hong Ma1, Robert Morey2, Ryan C O'Neil3

  • 11] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 Southwest Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA [3].

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) offers faithful reprogramming of human cells to pluripotency. This method, unlike induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), yields cells suitable for regenerative medicine without epigenetic aberrations.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells are crucial for regenerative medicine but face limitations.
  • Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are effective but allogeneic; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) have epigenetic issues.
  • Comparing reprogramming methods is vital to understand abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether epigenetic and transcriptional abnormalities in iPS cells are intrinsic or method-dependent.
  • To compare human embryonic stem cells (ES cells) from in vitro fertilization (IVF ES cells), iPS cells, and nuclear transfer ES cells (NT ES cells).
  • To assess the suitability of NT ES cells for cell replacement therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analyses were performed on genetically matched sets of human IVF ES cells, iPS cells, and NT ES cells.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was used to derive NT ES cells.
  • DNA methylation and transcriptome profiling were conducted.

Main Results:

  • NT ES cells and iPS cells showed similar numbers of de novo copy number variations.
  • DNA methylation and transcriptome profiles of NT ES cells closely matched IVF ES cells.
  • iPS cells exhibited distinct profiles, retaining parental somatic cell DNA methylation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides faithful reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency.
  • NT ES cells are epigenetically and transcriptionally similar to IVF ES cells.
  • SCNT-derived pluripotent stem cells are ideal candidates for cell replacement therapies.