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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

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Does energy availability predict gastropod reproductive strategies?

Craig R McClain1, Ryan Filler2, Josh R Auld3

  • 1National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 West Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, NC 27705, USA Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA cmcclain@nescent.org.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|July 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Marine gastropod reproductive strategies are linked to energy availability. Higher carbon flux favors direct development over planktotrophic larvae, contrary to some theories on marine invertebrate reproduction.

Keywords:
densityhermaphroditismlarvaelife historyproductivitytemperature

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Evolutionary Ecology
  • Reproductive Strategies

Background:

  • Reproductive diversity in marine ecosystems is influenced by environmental factors like energy availability.
  • Low energy conditions may impact larval survival and mating strategies, potentially favoring hermaphroditism and direct development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between energy availability and reproductive/life-history traits in marine gastropods.
  • To test theoretical predictions regarding the influence of productivity on larval type and hermaphroditism.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of reproductive and life-history traits across 189 marine gastropod families.
  • Statistical examination of correlations between energy availability (approximated by carbon flux) and traits like larval type and hermaphroditism.
  • Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to account for evolutionary relationships.

Main Results:

  • A significant negative relationship was found between energy availability (carbon flux) and the prevalence of planktotrophic larvae; higher energy flux decreased the odds of planktotrophic development.
  • While simultaneous hermaphroditism showed a potential positive correlation with carbon flux, this association was not significant after controlling for phylogeny.
  • Findings contrast with some theories suggesting increased hermaphroditism and direct development under low productivity.

Conclusions:

  • Marine gastropod reproductive strategies, particularly larval development, are significantly influenced by energy availability.
  • Certain energetically costly reproductive strategies may only evolve or persist under conditions of high energy availability.
  • The study highlights the complex interplay between environmental energy and the evolution of diverse life-history traits in marine invertebrates.