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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Motivational Bias01:25

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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Related Experiment Video

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Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework
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Developing biases.

Ruben van de Vijver1, Dinah Baer-Henney1

  • 1Institut für Sprache und Information, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|July 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

German noun plurals involve voicing or vowel alternations. While both occur equally, children increasingly favor vowel shifts over voicing shifts when learning new words.

Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Phonology

Background:

  • German nouns exhibit two primary pluralization alternations: voicing of final obstruents and fronting of back vowels.
  • While voicing alternations are phonetically motivated, vowel alternations lack clear phonetic grounding.
  • Understanding these alternations requires knowing which words alternate and generalizing this knowledge to novel words.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate children's and adults' knowledge of German noun plural alternations.
  • To examine the generalization of these alternations to nonce words across different age groups.
  • To explore the developmental trajectory of acquiring and applying pluralization rules.

Main Methods:

  • Two corpus studies analyzed the frequency of voicing and vowel alternations in existing German nouns.
Keywords:
biaslanguage acquisitionmorphophonologyproduction testvoicing alternationsvowel alternations

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  • A production study assessed pluralization accuracy for real words and nonce words in 5-year-olds, 7-year-olds, and adults.
  • Participants produced plural forms for singular nouns and novel nonce words.

    • Main Results:

    • Corpus analysis revealed equal frequencies for voicing and vowel alternations.
    • Production of alternations in real words showed high accuracy across all age groups.
    • When generalizing to nonce words, younger children produced more voicing alternations, while adults favored vowel alternations, a pattern that shifted with age.

    Conclusions:

    • The shift towards vowel alternations in nonce words with age suggests a developing reliance on lexical knowledge over phonetic cues.
    • Adults' greater lexical knowledge allows for more confident generalization, while children's reliance on phonetic experience diminishes.
    • This developmental change reflects increasing confidence in lexical generalizations versus phonetic ones in language acquisition.