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Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects

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Principles of transdermal nitroglycerin administration.

H M Wolff¹, R Bonn

¹Schwarz Pharma, Monheim, Germany.

European Heart Journal

|May 1, 1989

Summary

A new transdermal nitroglycerin (GTN) system delivers higher drug levels initially to prevent angina and lower levels later to avoid tolerance. This phasic release contrasts with constant delivery from current systems.

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Drug Delivery Systems
Cardiovascular Therapeutics

Background:

Conventional transdermal nitroglycerin (GTN) systems provide constant drug plasma concentrations.
Constant GTN delivery may lead to tolerance, especially at higher doses.
This tolerance can reduce therapeutic effectiveness over the application period.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel transdermal drug delivery system (TDS) for nitroglycerin.
To engineer a system with a time-dependent, non-constant drug release profile.
To investigate a phasic release strategy to manage angina and prevent tolerance.

Main Methods:

Development of a new GTN transdermal delivery system (TDS) with a phasic release profile.
Evaluation of in vitro drug release rates.

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Assessment of in vivo release rates and resulting plasma concentrations in subjects.

Main Results:

The novel GTN TDS achieves high plasma concentrations during the initial 12 hours.
This phasic delivery aims to prevent exercise-induced angina.
Lower drug levels in the second 12-hour period are intended to mitigate tolerance.

Conclusions:

The developed GTN TDS offers a phasic release profile, differing from conventional systems.
This approach may improve therapeutic outcomes by managing drug levels over time.
Further studies are warranted to confirm the clinical efficacy and tolerance profile.