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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Evolutionary and sequence-based relationships in bacterial AdoMet-dependent non-coding RNA methyltransferases.

Jeanneth Mosquera-Rendón, Sonia Cárdenas-Brito, Juan D Pineda

  • 1Bioinformatics Analysis Group - GABi, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología - CIDBIO, 111221 Bogotá, D,C, Colombia. abenitez@cidbio.org.

BMC Research Notes
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RNA methyltransferases are crucial enzymes for gene expression. Our study reveals their evolutionary relationships and how their molecular evolution conserves structure, impacting ribosome function.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • RNA post-transcriptional modifications are epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression and ribosome function.
  • RNA methyltransferases (MTases) are specialized enzymes that modify RNA nucleobases and ribose moieties, modulating RNA chemistry and structure.
  • While tRNA modifications are broadly important, specific rRNA modifications also play critical roles, particularly in central ribosome regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and molecular evolution of RNA methyltransferases.
  • To understand the evolutionary history and diversification of this enzyme superfamily.

Main Methods:

  • Amino acid and codon-based sequence analyses were employed to determine phylogenetic relationships.
  • Analysis of nearly 12,000 bacterial genomes and 2,000 patho-pangenomes.

Main Results:

  • Most Class I RNA MTases share evolutionary links with protein and cofactor/vitamin biosynthesis methyltransferases.
  • At least nine distinct lineages account for the diversity observed within RNA MTases.
  • RNA methyltransferases exhibit a high proportion of polar and positively charged amino acids, aligning with substrate electrochemistry.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular evolution in Class I methyltransferases aligns with varying rates of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions.
  • Evolutionary pressures on Class I methyltransferases favor changes that preserve structural conformation, ensuring functional integrity.