Design modifications and computational fluid dynamic analysis of an outflow cannula for cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass is a well-established technique during open heart surgeries. However, neurological complications due to insufficient cerebral oxygen supply occur and the severe consequences must not be neglected. Recent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies showed that during axillary cannulation the cerebral perfusion is strongly affected by the distance between the cannula tip and the vertebral artery branch. In this study we use two modifications of the cannula design to analyze the flow characteristics by means of CFD and experimental validation with particle image velocimetry (PIV). One approach applies a spin to the blood stream with a helical surface in the cannula cross section. Another approach uses radial bores in a constricted cannula tip to split the outflow jet. The additional helicity improves the perfusion of the cerebral vessels and suppresses the blood suction in the right vertebral artery observed with a standard cannula. The cannula with a helix throughout the entire length changes the blood flow from 2124 to 32 mL/min in comparison with an unmodified design and has the lowest prediction of blood damage. Separating the blood stream does not deliver satisfying results. The PIV measurements validate the simulations and correspond with the velocity distribution as well as vortex locations.