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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth during mastication, or chewing. The masticated carbohydrates remain intact in the stomach. Digestion resumes in the duodenum of the small intestine, where pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes of the microvilli convert complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides. Finally, the monosaccharides...
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Thioglycosides in Carbohydrate research.

Gaoyan Lian1, Xiaheng Zhang1, Biao Yu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.

Carbohydrate Research
|July 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers promoters for thioglycoside glycosidation, their use in synthesizing glycans and glycoconjugates, and the pros and cons of thioglycosides as donors. Examples are drawn from Carbohydrate Research.

Keywords:
GlycosylationHalonium reagentsOrganosulfur reagentsPromoterSide reactionThioglycoside

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Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Glycoscience

Background:

  • Thioglycosides are versatile building blocks in carbohydrate chemistry.
  • Efficient synthesis of complex carbohydrates like glycans and glycoconjugates is crucial in various scientific fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the promoters developed for the glycosidation of alkyl/aryl 1-thioglycosides.
  • To discuss the applications of thioglycosides in synthesizing glycans and glycoconjugates.
  • To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using thioglycosides as donors in synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies published in Carbohydrate Research.
  • Analysis of different promoter systems for thioglycoside activation.
  • Examination of thioglycoside applications in glycan and glycoconjugate synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Various promoters have been developed for effective thioglycoside glycosidation.
  • Thioglycosides serve as valuable donors in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.
  • The choice of thioglycoside donor and promoter impacts synthetic efficiency and outcome.

Conclusions:

  • Thioglycosides offer a balance of stability and reactivity, making them useful in glycosylation reactions.
  • Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of thioglycosides is key for successful glycan and glycoconjugate synthesis.
  • Continued research in promoter development enhances the utility of thioglycosides in carbohydrate synthesis.