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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
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Disability and depression after orthopaedic trauma.

Sjoerd P F T Nota1, Arjan G J Bot2, David Ring1

  • 1Harvard Medical School, Orthopaedic Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Center, Suite 2100, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Injury
|July 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Psychological factors like depression significantly predict long-term disability after musculoskeletal trauma. Addressing mental health is crucial for better recovery outcomes in trauma patients.

Keywords:
DepressionInjuryOrthopaedic traumaPTSDPsychosocial

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Trauma Care
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Musculoskeletal injuries frequently lead to impairment, yet the link between impairment, pain, and disability is not fully understood.
  • Psychosocial factors significantly influence disability levels across various orthopaedic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively investigate the association between psychological factors and the magnitude of disability in Dutch orthopaedic trauma patients.

Main Methods:

  • 101 adult patients with fractures or soft-tissue injuries were assessed 1-2 months post-injury and again 5-8 months later.
  • Validated instruments measured disability (SMFA-NL), depression (CES-D), PTSD symptoms (SVL), and pain catastrophizing (PCS).

Main Results:

  • Moderate correlations were found between depression and PTSD symptoms at enrollment and disability 5-8 months post-trauma.
  • Pain catastrophizing showed a smaller correlation with later disability.
  • Pain catastrophizing, surgery, additional surgeries, and co-existing pain conditions predicted greater disability.

Conclusions:

  • Depression symptoms in the early recovery phase (1-2 months) predict disability 5-8 months after musculoskeletal trauma in The Netherlands.
  • Greater clinical attention to psychological aspects is warranted for optimizing recovery from musculoskeletal injuries.