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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins
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Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins

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Rotaviruses.

Ulrich Desselberger1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.

Virus Research
|July 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers recent rotavirus (RV) research, including its structure, genetics, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and vaccines. It highlights current challenges and future directions for RV research and control.

Keywords:
Immune responses and correlates of protectionPathogenesisPrevention by vaccinationReplication cycleRotavirusStructure–function studies

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Rotavirus (RV) remains a significant cause of severe diarrheal disease globally, particularly in infants.
  • Understanding RV's molecular biology, pathogenesis, and immunology is crucial for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in rotavirus basic and applied research.
  • To identify current challenges and future perspectives in rotavirus research and translational applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on rotavirus structure, genome, replication, and protein functions.
  • Analysis of data on rotavirus pathogenesis, immune responses, diagnosis, and epidemiology.
  • Evaluation of rotavirus vaccine development, application, and associated issues.

Main Results:

  • Detailed insights into RV particle structure, genome organization, and gene-protein assignments.
  • Elucidation of the viral replication cycle and the roles of viral and cellular factors.
  • Comprehensive understanding of RV-specific immune responses, pathogenesis, and molecular epidemiology.
  • Assessment of diagnostic methods, treatment options, and the impact of universal vaccination programs.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding rotavirus, leading to effective vaccines.
  • Further research is needed to address remaining challenges in rotavirus control and develop improved interventions.