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Related Concept Videos

The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Oral Cavity01:11

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The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface
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Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective.

Egija Zaura1, Elena A Nicu2, Bastiaan P Krom1

  • 1Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|July 15, 2014
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Summary

A healthy oral microbiome is acquired through prenatal maternal tolerance. Maintaining this balance prevents oral diseases like periodontitis and caries, crucial for overall health.

Keywords:
colonization resistancemucosal immunityoral microbiomeplacentastabilitytolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Oral Health

Background:

  • The oral microbiome is a stable ecosystem despite daily challenges.
  • Understanding microbiome stability is key to preventing oral diseases such as periodontitis and caries.
  • Mechanisms maintaining a healthy oral microbiome are less understood than those causing disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a hypothesis on the acquisition and maintenance of a healthy oral microbiome.
  • To explore the role of prenatal immune tolerance in microbiome establishment.
  • To outline factors sustaining the oral microbiome, focusing on host-derived elements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oral microbiome development and stability.
  • Hypothetical model development for microbiome acquisition and maintenance.
  • Analysis of host-derived and microbe-derived factors influencing oral microbiome homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Proposes prenatal development of fetal tolerance to the maternal microbiome as critical for acquiring a healthy oral microbiome.
  • Identifies host-derived and microbe-derived factors influencing microbiome stability.
  • Highlights the need for further research into microbiome maintenance mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal immune tolerance is hypothesized as a primary driver for establishing a healthy oral microbiome.
  • Sustaining the oral microbiome involves a complex interplay of host and microbial factors.
  • Future research should focus on elucidating these maintenance processes to prevent oral dysbiosis.