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Updated: Apr 27, 2026
Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Surgical outcomes after classifying Grade III arteriovenous malformations according to Lawton's modified
Hong Jun Jeon1, Keun Young Park1, So Yeon Kim1
1Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Stroke Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
Objective:
We aimed to evaluate microsurgical outcomes after classifying Grade III arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) according to Lawton's modified Spetzler-Martin grading system.
Methods:
Of 131 patients with Grade III AVMs, 55 had undergone microsurgery between 1995 and 2010. The 55 AVMs were classified as follows: Grade III-/S1E1V1, Grade III/S2E0V1, Grade III+/S2E1V0, or Grade III*/S3E0V0. The surgical obliteration rate, morbidity rate, and functional outcomes for each subtype were compared before surgery and after follow-up. Additionally, factors related with morbidity were investigated from demographic and morphological characteristics.
Results:
We observed 18 Grade III-, 16 Grade III, 20 Grade III+, and 1 Grade III* AVMs. Complete resection was achieved in 49 patients (obliteration rate, 89.1%). Incomplete resection rates were higher for Grade III (12.5%) and III+ (15.0%) AVMs than that for Grade III- (5.6%) AVMs. Seven patients (12.7%) presented postoperative deficits, of which 3 (5.4%) experienced disabilities. Patients with Grade III+ (25.0%) had higher morbidity rates than those with other subtypes. Modified Rankin scale scores at the last follow-up indicated unfavorable outcomes for Grades III (18.8%) and III+ (25.0%) AVMs. AVM size (≥3 cm) and non-hemorrhagic type were associated with the occurrence of postoperative deficits (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
The modified classification of Grade III AVMs was useful to predict surgical morbidity and clinical outcomes. We recommend that microsurgery should be used to treat Grade III- AVMs, but should be considered carefully for the treatment of Grades III and III+.
