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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Work and quantum phase transitions: quantum latency.

E Mascarenhas1, H Bragança1, R Dorner2

  • 1Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|July 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce quantum latent work for first-order quantum phase transitions, analogous to classical latent heat. For second-order transitions, irreversible work relates to fidelity susceptibility during quantum quenches.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Background:

  • Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are fundamental phenomena.
  • Understanding QPTs requires frameworks beyond equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics offers new perspectives on dynamic quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate quantum phase transitions using non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • To introduce and define 'quantum latent work' for first-order QPTs.
  • To explore the relationship between irreversible work and fidelity susceptibility in second-order QPTs.

Main Methods:

  • Applying non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles to quantum phase transitions.
  • Developing the concept of quantum latent work.
  • Analyzing the connection between work, fidelity susceptibility, and quantum quenches.
  • Utilizing numerical simulations for various spin chain models.

Main Results:

  • Discontinuity in average work per quench for first-order QPTs, defining quantum latent work.
  • Irreversible work is linked to fidelity susceptibility for second-order QPTs under weak sudden quenches.
  • Demonstration across first, second, and infinite order phase transitions in spin chains.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum latent work provides a new thermodynamic signature for first-order QPTs.
  • Fidelity susceptibility serves as a probe for non-equilibrium dynamics in second-order QPTs.
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics offers a powerful lens for studying quantum phase transitions.