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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles
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High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Published on: July 6, 2012

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Rate in template-directed polymer synthesis.

Takuya Saito1

  • 1Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|July 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a template-directed synthesis (TDS) rate to measure polymer production speed and accuracy. Higher speed increases the TDS rate, but sequence diversity decreases it, impacting biological polymer synthesis efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Template-directed polymer synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription, is fundamental to biological systems.
  • Evaluating the efficiency of these processes requires balancing synthesis speed with sequence accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel metric, the template-directed synthesis (TDS) rate, for quantifying the temporal efficiency of template-directed polymer synthesis.
  • To analyze how synthesis speed and sequence accuracy interact within this metric.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a TDS rate expression analogous to Shannon entropy.
  • Applied the TDS rate to various production system models.
  • Investigated the influence of system conditions on the speed-accuracy balance.

Main Results:

  • The TDS rate increases with synthesis speed.
  • Increased diversity in produced sequences lowers the TDS rate.
  • System conditions significantly affect the trade-off between synthesis speed and accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed TDS rate provides a unified measure for evaluating template-directed polymer synthesis efficiency.
  • Understanding the interplay between speed and accuracy is crucial for optimizing biological polymer production systems.