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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

8.1K
The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy
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Errors in knee alignment using fixed femoral resection angles.

Brian Curtin, Thomas K Fehring, Jessica Lauber

    Orthopedics
    |July 15, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) shows significant variation in femoral mechanical anatomical (FMA) angles. Surgeons must assess individual patient alignment using preoperative radiographs to avoid malalignment in nearly 10% of cases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Coronal alignment is crucial for successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes.
    • Preoperative planning, including assessment of femoral mechanical anatomical (FMA) angles, is essential for achieving optimal alignment.
    • Variability in patient anatomy necessitates individualized surgical approaches.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the variance in FMA angles within a TKA patient population.
    • To provide guidance for improving coronal alignment in TKA surgery.
    • To highlight the importance of preoperative radiographic templating.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of 250 preoperative full-length standing radiographs from TKA patients.
    • Templating distal femoral resection to determine FMA angles.
    • Statistical analysis of FMA angle distribution and variance.

    Main Results:

    • The mean FMA angle was 5.35°, with a wide range from 1° to 10°.
    • 56% of patients had an FMA angle of 5° or 6°.
    • Nearly 10% of patients (9.75%) exhibited FMA angles outside the typical 3°-7° range, indicating potential for malalignment with fixed angles.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant variance exists in the FMA angle required for proper femoral mechanical alignment in TKA.
    • Surgeons must consider individual patient variables assessed via preoperative radiographs.
    • Relying on a single fixed resection angle may lead to malalignment in a notable percentage of TKA patients.