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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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A paper-based lateral flow assay for morphine.

Tuija Teerinen1, Timo Lappalainen, Tomi Erho

  • 1VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland, Tuija.Teerinen@vtt.fi.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|July 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates that modified paper can serve as a low-cost matrix for lateral flow diagnostic assays. Paper-based tests show promise for sensitive drug of abuse screening in oral fluid samples.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Paper-based diagnostics offer a low-cost, portable solution for point-of-care testing.
  • Traditional diagnostic platforms often rely on expensive materials, limiting accessibility.
  • Developing reliable paper substrates is crucial for advancing affordable diagnostic technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate modified cellulose paper as a matrix for lateral flow diagnostic assays.
  • To assess the analytical performance of paper-based diagnostic devices for drug of abuse screening.
  • To develop a sensitive and portable assay for morphine detection.

Main Methods:

  • Morphine was used as a model analyte to test paper-based lateral flow assays.
  • Antibody Fab fragments and gold nanoparticle detection were employed for sensing.
  • Inkjet printing was utilized to pattern sensing biomolecules on cellulose paper.
  • A direct sandwich immunoassay format was implemented and compared to nitrocellulose.

Main Results:

  • The paper-based assay achieved a visually assessed limit of detection of 1 ng/mL for morphine.
  • The developed diagnostic platform demonstrated sensitivity suitable for drug of abuse screening.
  • Interference from oral fluid sample matrices was investigated and found manageable.

Conclusions:

  • Physically modified cellulose paper is a viable matrix for lateral flow diagnostic assays.
  • Paper-based diagnostic devices can be developed for sensitive and portable drug screening.
  • This work supports the advancement of low-cost, disposable diagnostic tools.