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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

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Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Medication waste reduction in pediatric pharmacy batch processes.

Matthew F Toerper1, Michael A Veltri2, Eric Hamrock3

  • 1Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Operations Integration, Johns Hopkins Health System, Baltimore, Maryland.

The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT : the Official Journal of PPAG
|July 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increasing pediatric cart-fill batch frequency significantly reduces pharmaceutical waste and costs. A shift to at least two batches daily offers substantial savings and supports efficient medication management.

Keywords:
computer simulationcost controlhospitalmedical wastepharmacy service

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Pediatric Healthcare Management

Background:

  • Pharmaceutical waste is a significant concern in pediatric healthcare settings.
  • Optimizing cart-fill batch scheduling can mitigate waste and reduce associated costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of pediatric cart-fill batch scheduling on pharmaceutical waste reduction.
  • To inform optimized scheduling strategies through case study and simulation analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A pre- and post-intervention analysis was conducted at a children's center.
  • An algorithm quantified pharmaceutical waste based on computerized provider order entry data.
  • Simulation analysis tested 108 batch schedules to identify waste-reducing characteristics.

Main Results:

  • A switch from one to three batches per day decreased pharmaceutical waste by 31.3%, yielding $183,380 in annual savings.
  • Increasing batch frequency promotes a just-in-time process, with significant gains seen by moving to at least two batches daily.
  • Waste reduction is also achievable by avoiding batch preparation during peak medication administration or discontinuation times.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric cart-fill batch scheduling characteristics can be leveraged to minimize pharmaceutical waste.
  • Pharmacy managers can use these findings to redesign scheduling for improved efficiency and cost savings.