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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Neurologic injury in snowmobiling.

Benjamin A Plog1, Clifford A Pierre2, Vasisht Srinivasan2

  • 1University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

Surgical Neurology International
|July 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Snowmobile accidents frequently cause severe multi-trauma, especially neurological injuries. Increased safety advocacy is crucial for riders, particularly males, to prevent serious harm from these powerful recreational vehicles.

Keywords:
Brain injuryneurological sports medicinesnowmobilespine injurytraumatraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Trauma Surgery
  • Neurological Surgery
  • Recreational Safety

Background:

  • Snowmobiles are popular all-terrain vehicles with high maneuverability and speed.
  • These characteristics increase the risk of operator injury, particularly neurological trauma.
  • A series of 107 snowmobiling accident patients were analyzed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize snowmobile-related injuries, with a focus on neurological trauma.
  • To identify injury patterns, causes, and patient demographics in snowmobile accidents.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 107 patients from a regional trauma center registry (January 2004 - January 2012).
  • Data collected included injury types, causes, patient demographics, and outcomes.
  • Emphasis placed on neurological injuries and associated details.

Main Results:

  • 90% of injured riders were male, with a mean age of 34.4 years.
  • Head injuries occurred in 35% of patients, and spinal fractures in 21%.
  • Common causes included rollovers (33%) and striking stationary objects (27%).

Conclusions:

  • Snowmobiles are a significant source of multi-trauma, with a high incidence of neurological injury.
  • Neurosurgeons should advocate for enhanced safety measures in snowmobiling.