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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Muscle Balance between Hamstrings and Quadriceps during Isokinetic Exercise.

D J Sanderson, T P Musgrove, D A Ward

    The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Gravity significantly impacts knee torque measurements, affecting hamstring to quadriceps torque ratios. Correcting for gravity is crucial for accurate analysis of muscle strength at varying speeds.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Human Physiology
    • Sports Science

    Background:

    • Assessing knee joint strength is vital in sports and rehabilitation.
    • Muscle torque ratios, particularly hamstrings to quadriceps, indicate joint function.
    • Previous studies have not fully accounted for gravitational effects on torque measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the influence of angular velocity on knee flexor and extensor peak torques.
    • To evaluate the effect of gravity on the hamstring to quadriceps torque ratio.
    • To highlight the importance of gravity correction in isokinetic strength testing.

    Main Methods:

    • Maximum flexor and extensor peak torques of 34 subjects (17 male, 17 female) were measured using a CYBEX isokinetic dynamometer.
    • The ratio of peak hamstrings torque to peak quadriceps torque was calculated.
    • Measurements were analyzed with and without gravity correction at various angular velocities.

    Main Results:

    • The flexion-extension torque ratio, when corrected for gravity, showed no significant difference across tested angular velocities.
    • The uncorrected torque ratio demonstrated significant differences at increasing joint angular velocities.
    • Gravitational influence was found to be a significant factor in torque ratio calculations.

    Conclusions:

    • Physiotherapists must recognize and account for gravity's influence when measuring vertical plane forces.
    • Gravity correction is essential for accurate hamstring to quadriceps torque ratio assessment, especially at higher velocities.
    • Standardized protocols for isokinetic testing should incorporate gravity correction for reliable strength evaluations.