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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Craniofacial syndromes.

Edward P Buchanan1, Amy S Xue, Larry H Hollier

  • 1Houston, Texas From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|July 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers craniofacial syndromes, focusing on craniosynostosis and cleft-related conditions. It details clinical presentations, complications, and age-appropriate surgical management strategies for optimal patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Pediatric Plastic Surgery
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Craniofacial syndromes are congenital conditions impacting skull and facial development.
  • These syndromes are broadly categorized into those involving craniosynostosis and those associated with clefts.
  • Each category presents unique complications and requires tailored management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentations of common craniofacial syndromes.
  • To understand the severe complications associated with these syndromes.
  • To outline age-appropriate surgical management plans.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of craniofacial syndromes.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and complications.
  • Synthesis of current surgical management principles.

Main Results:

  • Craniosynostosis syndromes (e.g., Crouzon, Apert) require multidisciplinary care, considering bone growth potential.
  • Cleft-related syndromes (e.g., Pierre Robin, Treacher Collins) often involve critical airway issues needing prompt attention.
  • Effective management hinges on a multidisciplinary approach and precise timing of interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Craniofacial syndromes necessitate distinct surgical approaches based on whether they involve craniosynostosis or clefts.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration and careful timing are crucial for successful surgical outcomes.
  • Understanding syndrome-specific complications guides the formulation of optimal, age-appropriate surgical plans.