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Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

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Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

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Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Authors' reply

Annabeth P Groenman¹, Jaap Oosterlaan¹, Nanda N J Rommelse¹

¹Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N

The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science

|July 17, 2014

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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