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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

30
Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

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Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
33
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

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Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Epilepsy in newborns with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Katarzyna Kotulska1, Elżbieta Jurkiewicz2, Dorota Domańska-Pakieła3

  • 1Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Science, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : EJPN : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society
|July 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal epilepsy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is often linked to brain malformations like focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Early surgery may improve seizure control and outcomes for these high-risk patients.

Keywords:
EpilepsyFocal cortical dysplasiaNewbornOutcomeTSC

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Epilepsy affects up to 90% of patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC).
  • While many develop seizures between 3-5 months, some experience earlier onset.
  • Neonatal epilepsy presents a critical early challenge in TSC management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of neonatal epilepsy in a large cohort of TSC patients.
  • To characterize the clinical features and identify risk factors for early-onset seizures.
  • To evaluate the impact of brain malformations on epilepsy severity and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of medical data from 421 TSC patients.
  • Inclusion criteria: epilepsy onset within the first four weeks of life.
  • Assessment of clinical data, EEG, MRI, and genetic analyses.

Main Results:

  • Epilepsy was diagnosed in 86.9% of patients; 5.7% had neonatal onset.
  • Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) was identified in 52.4% of neonatal epilepsy cases.
  • FCD correlated with severe, drug-resistant epilepsy and poorer neuropsychological outcomes.
  • Perinatal complications and congenital SEGAs were additional risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal epilepsy in TSC is strongly associated with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).
  • FCD presence indicates a high risk for severe, refractory epilepsy and adverse neuropsychological development.
  • Early surgical intervention for epilepsy may offer significant benefits in selected TSC patients.