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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Redefining the proximal ulna anatomy.

Ceren Günenç Beşer1, Deniz Demiryürek, Hakan Özsoy

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, crngnc5er@gmail.com.

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|July 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study details proximal ulna anatomy, providing key measurements for complex olecranon fracture fixation and elbow arthroplasty. Understanding these anatomical variations aids surgeons in achieving reliable reconstructions and optimizing joint function.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Complex olecranon fractures pose significant treatment challenges.
  • Restoring the anatomical integrity of the proximal ulna is crucial for elbow joint stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely define the detailed anatomy of the proximal ulna.
  • To provide anatomical data relevant for olecranon fracture fixation and elbow arthroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements were taken from 50 adult ulnae.
  • Key parameters included posterior olecranon height (POH), olecranon width (OW), trochlear notch width (TW), and distances between the olecranon and trochlear notch (RTH, UTH).
  • Proximal ulnar angulations and torsion angle (PUTA) were measured using a goniometer.

Main Results:

  • Average POH: 24.6 mm, OW: 23.1 mm, TW: 22.3 mm, RTH: 16.2 mm, UTH: 15.8 mm.
  • Mean proximal ulna torsion angle (PUTA): 11.1°.
  • Mean varus angulation: 9.3°, average articular angle: 27.7°, proximal ulnar dorsal angulation (PUDA): 8°.

Conclusions:

  • The unique proximal ulna anatomy complicates implant design for fracture fixation and arthroplasty.
  • Detailed anatomical knowledge aids surgeons in achieving accurate olecranon length and safe Kirschner wire placement.
  • Defined angles (PUTA, varus, articular, PUDA) are vital for designing effective elbow prostheses and maintaining joint function.