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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
Published on: November 15, 2013
Characterization of karyopherins in androgen receptor intracellular trafficking in the yeast model
Minh M Nguyen1, Robert M Harmon2, Zhou Wang1
1Department of Urology, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute PA 15232, USA.
Background:
Mechanisms regulating androgen receptor (AR) subcellular localization represent an essential component of AR signaling. Karyopherins are a family of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking factors. In this paper, we used the yeast model to study the effects of karyopherins on the subcellular localization of the AR.
Methods:
Yeast mutants deficient in different nuclear transport factors were transformed with various AR based, GFP tagged constructs and their localization was monitored using microscopy.
Results:
We showed that yeast can mediate androgen-induced AR nuclear localization and that in addition to the import factor, Importinα/β, this process required the import karyopherin Sxm1. We also showed that a previously identified nuclear export sequence (NES(AR)) in the ligand binding domain of AR does not appear to rely on karyopherins for cytoplasmic localization.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that while AR nuclear import relies on karyopherin activity, AR nuclear export and/or cytoplasmic localization may require other undefined mechanisms.
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