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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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LipidWrapper: an algorithm for generating large-scale membrane models of arbitrary geometry.

Jacob D Durrant1, Rommie E Amaro1

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.

Plos Computational Biology
|July 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate in silico modeling of biological systems requires curved lipid membranes. LipidWrapper is a new tool for creating these curved membrane models, essential for understanding cellular environments and diseases like influenza.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular modeling

Background:

  • Accurate in silico modeling of large biological systems necessitates realistic representations of lipid bilayers.
  • Simple planar models are insufficient for capturing the complexity of physiological environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce LipidWrapper, a multi-scale computational tool for generating curved lipid membrane models.
  • To provide a method for creating biologically relevant membrane geometries for simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the LipidWrapper utility.
  • Utilizing experimental and theoretical data to define membrane geometries.
  • Application of LipidWrapper to model influenza virulence mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • LipidWrapper successfully generates curved membrane models with diverse geometries.
  • The tool facilitates the examination of biological processes, such as influenza virulence.
  • The software is available as open-source and compatible with major operating systems.

Conclusions:

  • Curved membrane models are crucial for accurate large-scale in silico biological simulations.
  • LipidWrapper offers a versatile solution for creating these essential models.
  • The tool aids in understanding complex biological phenomena and disease mechanisms.