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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
26
Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

46
The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...
46

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Subacute thyroiditis with increased serum alkaline phosphatase.

J R Dalovisio, L Blonde, L M Cortez

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |April 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Subacute thyroiditis can cause elevated alkaline phosphatase, potentially from the liver. This finding may complicate diagnosis, particularly when neck pain is absent.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Hepatology

    Background:

    • Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland.
    • Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a common laboratory finding with various causes.

    Observation:

    • Three patients with subacute thyroiditis presented with elevated serum ALP.
    • Elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) suggested a hepatic origin for the elevated ALP.

    Findings:

    • The degree of ALP elevation did not correlate with the severity or duration of thyroxine level changes.
    • The presence of elevated ALP, alongside systemic symptoms of subacute thyroiditis, can mask the diagnosis.

    Implications:

    • Clinicians should consider subacute thyroiditis in patients with unexplained elevated ALP, even without significant neck pain.
    • This presentation highlights the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, integrating clinical symptoms and laboratory findings.
    • Further research may elucidate the precise mechanisms linking thyroid inflammation and hepatic enzyme elevation.