Effect of repetitive yogic squats with specific hand position (Thoppukaranam) on selective attention and psychological states
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 26, 2026
Resting-State Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Block-Design Yoga Asana Practice Using fNIRS
Published on: June 24, 2025
Angelica Chandrasekeran1, Sasidharan K Rajesh1, Tm Srinivasan2
1Department of Psychology, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Context:
Research on the effect of Thoppukaranam is limited despite it being practiced as a form of worship to the elephant-headed deity Lord Ganapati and punishment in schools.
Aims:
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Thoppukaranam on selective attention and psychological states in a sample of young adults.
Settings And Designs:
A randomized self-as-control within subjects design was employed. Thirty undergraduate students (4 females and 26 males) from a residential Yoga University in Southern India were recruited for this study (group mean age ± standard deviation, 20.17 ± 2.92).
Materials And Methods:
The d2 test, State Anxiety Inventory-Short Form and State Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (SMAAS) were used to measure cognitive performance and psychological states. Assessments were made in three sessions: Baseline, control (squats), and experimental (Thoppukaranam) on 3 separate days.
Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analyses of variance between three sessions, that is, baseline, squat, and Thoppukaranam.
Results:
There was a significant improvement in all measures of the d2 test of attention (TN, E, TN-E, E%, and concentration performance) and state mindfulness after Thoppukaranam. Further state anxiety reduced significantly after the experimental session.
Conclusions:
These findings indicate Thoppukaranam results in enhancement of cognitive functioning and psychological states.
