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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

11.9K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

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Beyond apoptosis in lupus.

Lucrezia Colonna1, Christian Lood, Keith B Elkon

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA *Lucrezia Colonna and Christian Lood contributed equally to the writing of this article.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|July 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves abnormal cell death, increasing self antigen exposure and driving autoimmunity. Understanding these cell death pathways offers potential new therapeutic targets for lupus patients.

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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Related Experiment Videos

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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
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The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies against nuclear components.
  • Normally, nuclear autoantigens are hidden from the immune system in healthy individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on abnormal cell death mechanisms in SLE pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the role of these mechanisms in the development of lupus autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on cell death pathways and SLE.
  • Analysis of mechanisms leading to exposure and processing of nuclear self antigens.

Main Results:

  • SLE patients exhibit dysregulated cell death, including increased apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy.
  • Reduced clearance of dying cells exacerbates the autoantigen burden and promotes antigen modification.
  • Opsonins play a key role in modulating the immunogenicity of self antigens.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant programmed cell death contributes significantly to the development of lupus autoimmunity.
  • Advances in understanding cell death abnormalities in SLE may lead to novel therapeutic strategies.