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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Thyroid cytology.

Madalina Tuluc1, Charalambos Solomides1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Jefferson University Hospital, 132S 10th Street, Main Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|July 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This comprehensive review details thyroid cytopathology, focusing on the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology. It highlights atypical and indeterminate categories, alongside applicable immunohistochemistry and molecular tests for cytology specimens.

Keywords:
AtypiaBethesdaCarcinomaCytopathologyFollicularImmunohistochemistryPanels

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Area of Science:

  • Cytopathology
  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are common, necessitating accurate diagnostic methods.
  • Cytopathology is a key tool for evaluating thyroid lesions.
  • Standardized reporting systems improve diagnostic consistency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of thyroid cytopathology.
  • To review the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology.
  • To discuss ancillary diagnostic techniques for thyroid cytology specimens.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology.
  • Detailed description of atypical and indeterminate diagnostic categories.
  • Overview of immunohistochemistry and molecular testing panels for cytology.

Main Results:

  • The Bethesda System provides a standardized framework for thyroid cytology reporting.
  • Atypical and indeterminate categories require careful evaluation and often further testing.
  • Immunohistochemistry and molecular tests aid in refining diagnoses and guiding patient management.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate thyroid cytopathology relies on standardized classification systems like Bethesda.
  • Understanding indeterminate categories is crucial for appropriate patient management.
  • Ancillary tests like immunohistochemistry and molecular panels enhance diagnostic precision in thyroid cytopathology.