Identification of metabolites of gardenin A in rats by combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with...

Gardenin A is one of the less abundant hydroxylated polymethoxyflavonoids (OH-PMFs) in nature, and has many potential significant health benefits. In the present study, an efficient strategy was established using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer to profile the in vivo metabolic fate of gardenin A in rat plasma and various tissues. First, an online LC-MS(n) data acquisition method was developed to trace all the probable metabolites. Second, a combination of offline data processing methods including extracted ion chromatography and multiple mass defect filters was employed to screen the common and uncommon metabolites from the background noise and endogenous components. Finally, structures of the metabolites were elucidated based on an accurate mass measurement, the diagnostic product ions of PMFs, and relevant drug biotransformation knowledge. Based on the proposed strategy, a total of 26 metabolites were observed and characterized. The results indicate that some biotransformations, such as methylation, demethoxylation, demethylation, glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation and their composite reactions, have been discovered for OH-PMFs. Moreover, some diagnostic biotransformation pathways are summarized. Overall, this study gives us a first insight into the in vivo metabolism of gardenin A. The study also provides a practical strategy for rapidly screening and identifying metabolites, which can be widely applied for the other biotransformations.