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Related Concept Videos

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical...
688

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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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Axis ring fractures due to simulated head impacts.

Paul C Ivancic1

  • 1Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|July 22, 2014
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Summary

Simulated head impacts can cause axis ring fractures, particularly from lateral forehead impacts. Understanding these mechanisms aids in selecting appropriate surgical treatments for cervical spine injuries.

Keywords:
Axis ring fractureBiomechanicsCervical spineTrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Research

Background:

  • Investigating the mechanisms behind axis ring fractures resulting from simulated head impacts.
  • Focusing on injuries to the upper cervical spine (occiput through C3).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the mechanisms of axis ring fractures in simulated head impacts.
  • To analyze the relationship between impact location and fracture patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a human upper cervical spine specimen (occiput-C3) mounted on a surrogate torso and head.
  • Divided 13 specimens into three impact groups: midline forehead, lateral forehead, and lateral head.
  • Documented injuries using post-impact fluoroscopy and anatomical dissection; analyzed peak load and acceleration timing.

Main Results:

  • Five of 13 specimens sustained axis ring fractures, most commonly from upper left lateral forehead impacts.
  • Peak neck loads averaged 1761.2N, with fractures occurring within 50 ms.
  • Initial force and acceleration peaks occurred significantly earlier (18.0-22.8 ms) than absolute force peaks.

Conclusions:

  • Observed asymmetrical axis ring fractures involving facets, laminae, vertebral body, pars interarticularis, and pedicles.
  • Fracture patterns correlated with the axis's morphology as a transitional vertebra.
  • Understanding fracture mechanisms can guide optimal reduction and stabilization techniques.